In March 2024, the Health Ministry of Uganda declared an outbreak of red eyes, also known as conjunctivitis, primarily affecting schools and prison facilities in Kampala. This infectious disease has since spread to various districts across the country. Characterised by inflammation of the conjunctiva, red eyes result in symptoms such as redness, blurred vision, itching, and burning sensations.
Understanding Red Eyes
Red eyes, or conjunctivitis, occur when the conjunctiva—the membrane covering the front of the eye and lining the eyelids—becomes inflamed. The condition can cause the blood vessels in this membrane to dilate, making the eyes appear red. Conjunctivitis can be triggered by several factors:
- Infections: Bacterial or viral infections are common causes. Bacterial conjunctivitis often presents with a sticky discharge, while viral conjunctivitis might accompany other symptoms like a cold or flu.
- Allergic Reactions: Seasonal allergies to pollen or animals can inflame the eyes.
- Irritation: Physical irritants, such as foreign objects or chemical exposure, can also lead to red eyes.
- Rarer Causes: Increased pressure inside the eye or other less common conditions might be involved.
Ministry of Health on Conjunctivitis.
According to Dr. Daniel Kabayinze, the director of public health at the Ministry of Health, conjunctivitis usually appears in episodes based on seasons where the bacterial conjunctivitis is treated by anti-biotic creams on the eyes.
He further explained that viral conjunctivitis is self-limiting within 10 to 12 days, during which the disease wears off by itself.
By mid-April, there were over 7,500 cases of red eyes detected in the country, with the Uganda Prisons Services recording the biggest number of 5897 cases, an equivalent of 78%, according to authorities at the Ministry of Health.
Treatment and Recommendations
The Health Ministry has emphasised preventive measures such as regular hand washing to curb the spread of the disease. For treatment, recommendations include:
- Bacterial conjunctivitis: Antibiotic eye drops may be prescribed if the condition persists beyond a week.
- Viral conjunctivitis generally resolves on its own; supportive treatments such as cool compresses and artificial tears can help.
- Allergic Conjunctivitis: Antihistamine drops or oral medications may provide relief.
Dr. Christine Wako from the Alan Galpin Clinic described the red eye outbreak as different from past occurrences. According to her observations, the current cases resolve more quickly, often within four days, and are less severe in terms of swelling and discharge. Treatment at her clinic included betamethasone-neomycin eye drops and recommendations for regular hand and face washing.
Controversies and Misconceptions
During this outbreak, some local beliefs have emerged regarding alternative treatments. A notable myth is that urine can cure red eyes. Dr. Kenneth Cana, Gulu District Health Officer, strongly refutes this claim, stating, “The belief that urine can cure red eye disease is false. Urine is toxic and has no medical benefit in treating eye conditions.” He advises the public to seek professional medical treatment rather than relying on unproven remedies.
Existing knowledge and verdict
The medical community widely acknowledges that while home remedies like cool compresses and artificial tears can alleviate symptoms of red eyes, proper medical treatment is essential, especially for persistent or severe cases. The use of urine or other unverified methods is not recommended and can potentially worsen the condition.
In conclusion, while the outbreak of red eyes in Uganda poses a significant public health challenge, it is crucial to rely on evidence-based treatments and preventive measures. Myths and misinformation, such as the purported benefits of urine, should be avoided in favour of proven medical practices to ensure effective management and recovery.
